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Worshipping the true God requires at least minimal knowledge about who He is. And while none of us can understand God completely, He has revealed some truths about Himself in Scripture in a way we can understand. As Christians, we should want to understand God’s revelation of His own character as clearly as possible. The Trinity is at the heart of God’s self-revelation.

But the Trinity is one of the most easily misunderstood doctrines; even many Christians are uncertain of what the Trinity means. Many unwittingly hold to doctrines that have been condemned as either heresy or serious error throughout Church history. Others are aware of the heterodox nature of their beliefs, but insist it was the Church, not the heretics, who were mistaken. In an era where theological teaching is often underemphasized in the Church, it is not surprising that there are fewer today than in the past who can confidently say what the Bible teaches about the Trinity.

Is the Trinity present in Scripture?

There is one God.
The Father is God; The Son is God; the Holy Spirit is God.
The three Persons are distinct, and each is equally God.

There is one God.
The Father is God; The Son is God; the Holy Spirit is God.
The three Persons are distinct, and each is equally God.

In the Bible, the Persons of the Trinity are differentiated both in their relation to each other and to the Creation, but they are all called ‘God’.

There is one God

The Bible is clear: there is one God, and we should worship and serve Him only. Deuteronomy 6:4, states, “Hear, O Israel, Yahweh 1 our God, Yahweh is One.” In Isaiah 45:5–6, God says:

I am Yahweh, there is no other,
Besides me there is no God;
I gird you, though you do not know me,
that men may know, from the rising of the sun,
and from the west, that there is none besides me,
I am Yahweh, and there is no other.

And in 45:21–22 He says:

There is no other god besides me,
a righteous God and a Savior;
there is none besides me.”

“Turn to me and be saved,
all the ends of the earth!
For I am God, and there is no other.

The apostle Paul affirms that “God is one” (Romans 3:30). He says, “There is one God, the Father, from whom are all things and for whom we exist” (1 Corinthians 8:6). He writes elsewhere, “For there is one God, and there is one mediator between God and men, the man Jesus Christ” (1 Timothy 2:5). James, the half-brother of Jesus, also acknowledges “You believe that God is one; you do well. Even the demons believe and shudder!” (James 2:19). But even though James is speaking about the importance of having more than just doctrinal correctness, the people to whom he is writing “do well” to believe that God is one.

God is the only appropriate object of worship. Angels are not to be worshipped (Colossians 2:18), and the holy angels refuse worship (Revelation 19:10; 22:8–9). Neither are the sun, moon, or stars to be worshipped (Deuteronomy 17:3). Idols are not to be worshipped (Leviticus 19:4). People are not to be worshipped either; the apostles never permitted themselves to be worshipped (Acts 10:25–26; 14:13–18). Herod is struck down for the sin of accepting worship (Acts 12:20–24).

But as we will see below, it is not just God the Father that deserves to be worshipped. God the Son (Jesus) and God the Holy Spirit also receive praise and worship in Scripture. So if the Bible presents the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit as appropriate objects of worship, they all must be God.

The plurality of the Godhead in the Old Testament

Even in Genesis, we see an indication of the plurality of the Godhead—meaning that God is made up of more than one Person. In Genesis 1:26 He says, “Let us make man in our image, after our likeness.” He is using a first-person plural pronoun (‘us’), but ‘image’ and ‘likeness’ are in the singular, suggesting a plurality in the Godhead, but also of absolutely the same nature. Likewise, in Genesis 3:22 He says, “Behold, the man has become like one of us in knowing good and evil.”

In Isaiah 6:8, God uses the first person singular and plural in the same sentence: “Whom shall I send, and who will go for us?”

Other places in the Bible distinguish one person called “God” or “the Lord” or “Yahweh” from another called “God”. For example, in Psalm 110, a Davidic Psalm, says, “Yahweh says to my Lord: ‘Sit at my right hand until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet.’” Incidentally, this Psalm is the single-most quoted Scripture in the New Testament, and Jesus is always said to be the One addressed by God in those references.

The Trinity revealed in the New Testament

The New Testament has even clearer references to the Trinity. At Jesus’ baptism, the Spirit descended on Jesus in the form of a dove, and the Father’s voice spoke from Heaven—so all three of the members of the Trinity were clearly present (Matthew 3; Mark 1). Jesus commands believers to be baptized “in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit” (Matthew 28:19).

Paul’s letters are full of Trinitarian formulas. For instance, Romans 8:3–4 (emphases added)

For God has done what the law, weakened by the flesh, could not do. By sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and for sin, he condemned sin in the flesh, in order that the righteous requirement of the law might be fulfilled in us, who walk not according to the flesh but according to the Spirit.

This makes sense in light of the background in which it is given. Paul is not advocating three separate gods, but one God in three persons. God the Father sent God the son to take away sin, and God the Spirit helps us to live according to the forgiveness granted to us by God the Father, but only after the work of the Son was accepted. Thus, contrary to certain “Oneness” groups, the three Persons are distinct, not merely different modes or manifestations of one Person.

The Spirit himself bears witness with our spirit that we are children of God, and if children, then heirs—heirs of God and fellow heirs with Christ, provided we suffer with him in order that we may also be glorified with him.

These Trinitarian formulas are even more apparent when we realize that the Father is often designated with the Greek theos (God), and the Son with kyrios (Lord), as in 1 Corinthians 12:4–6:

Now there are varieties of gifts, but the same Spirit; and there are varieties of service, but the same Lord; and there are varieties of activities, but it is the same God who empowers them all in everyone.

Note the use of the word “Lord” (kyrios) instead of “Son” (huios) or Christ, as in the passages above.

These formulas often appear in the benedictions to the letters. For instance, in 2 Corinthians 13:14.

The grace of the Lord Jesus Christ and the love of God and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with you all.

And this isn’t unique to Paul. The author of Hebrews states (2:3–4):

How shall we escape if we neglect such a great salvation? It was declared at first by the Lord (kyrios, an obvious reference to Jesus), and it was attested to us by those who heard, while God also bore witness by signs and wonders and various miracles and by gifts of the Holy Spirit distributed according to his will.

For if the blood of goats and bulls, and the sprinkling of defiled persons with the ashes of a heifer, sanctify for the purification of the flesh, how much more will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without blemish to God, purify our conscience from dead works to serve the living God.

Peter uses this formula (1 Peter 1:2)

According to the foreknowledge of God the Father, in the sanctification of the Spirit, for obedience to Jesus Christ and for sprinkling with his blood.

John says (1 John 4:13–14)

By this we know that we abide in him and he in us, because he has given us of his Spirit. And we have seen and testify that the Father has sent his Son to be the Savior of the world.

But you, beloved, building yourselves up in the most holy faith and praying in the Holy Spirit, keep yourselves in the love of God, waiting for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ that leads to eternal life.

Even though the word ‘Trinity’ is never used in the New Testament, the teaching is clearly there, 3 so much so that a non-Trinitarian doctrine would substantially alter the message of the Bible itself.

So “God is one” and “God is a Trinity”. But some people are confused about how the Persons of the Godhead relate to each other. The Bible teaches that each Person is fully God and shares all the attributes of deity.

The Father is God

This is perhaps the least contested point—all the historical heresies affirmed that the Father is God, but err in how they saw the relationship between the Persons of the Godhead, or in the identity of the other Persons. The Father is the one who speaks things into being in Genesis 1. He sent the Son in the Incarnation (John 8:42). And the Father sends the Spirit (John 14:26). The Father is clearly an appropriate object of worship (John 4:21–23).

The Son is God

Hebrews 1:3 says that Jesus “is the radiance of God’s glory and the exact representation of his being.” Humans are created in the ‘image and likeness’ of God, meaning that we are like God in some ways, but far more than that is attributed to the Son. The Greek translated “exact imprint of his nature” is χαρακτὴρ τῆς ὑποστάσεως αὐτοῦ , (charactēr tēs hypostaseōs autou), and means basically that Jesus is exactly identical to the Father—there is no attribute of the Father that the Son does not have in equal measure. There is no way in which Jesus does not resemble the Father. Jesus teaches the same thing when He said, “Whoever has seen me has seen the Father” (John 14:9), and Paul says, “In him the whole fullness of deity dwells bodily” (Colossians 2:9). The writer of Hebrews reinforces this a few verses later when he quotes God himself, “But of the Son he says, ‘Your throne, O God, is forever and ever,” (Hebrews 1:8), showing that God addresses the Son also as God.

Jesus, unlike mere human beings, existed before His birth. Speaking of Jesus the Son, the Gospel of John starts out with, “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God” (John 1:1). He is called “the one and only (μονογενῆς, monogenēs) God who is in the bosom of the Father” (John 1:18).

Paul says, “He is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation. For by him all things were created, in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities—all things were created through Him and for Him” (Colossians 1:15–16). Anti-Trinitarians point to this verse to claim that Jesus was only a created being, even if He was exalted. But this same verse says “by him all things were created,” meaning that Jesus Himself could not have been created, or else He would come under ‘all things’. 4 ‘Firstborn’ in this instance simply means that Jesus has the privilege of the firstborn, something that was very meaningful in a time when the firstborn expected to receive a double portion of the inheritance. So in this case ‘firstborn’ (Greek prototokos) does not mean ‘first created’ (Greek protoktisis), but simply denotes His superior position.

In many places, characteristics that only God can have are attributed to Jesus. Hebrews 13:8 says that “Jesus Christ is the same yesterday and today and forever.” In John 5:26, Jesus claims, “For as the Father has life in himself, so he has granted the Son to have life in Himself.” But only God is self-existent.

Jesus is also viewed as a proper recipient of worship in the New Testament. After the Resurrection, Thomas calls Jesus, “My Lord and my God!” (John 20:28). A righteous person who received praise due only to God would deflect it immediately (see how Paul and Barnabas reacted in Acts 14:8 ff.)—but Jesus didn’t, indicating that he thought it was proper. He even says, in effect, “You finally believe in me!” Titus 2:13 calls Jesus “our great God and Savior”, as does 2 Peter 1:1. Paul refers to “Christ, who is God over all” (Romans 9:5). Every time Jesus is worshipped in Scripture, it is cited with approval. Indeed, He demands equal honour with the Father:

… that all may honor the Son, just as they honor the Father. Whoever does not honor the Son does not honor the Father who sent him. (John 5:23).

The Holy Spirit is God

Some think of the Holy Spirit as a sort of impersonal, nebulous ‘force’—and many people think of spirits as ghostly ethereal beings. But the Holy Spirit is clearly a Person in Scripture (so a ‘Him’, not an ‘it’).

When Ananias and Sapphira lied about the price of the field they sold, Peter said, “Ananias, why has Satan filled your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and to keep back for yourself part of the proceeds of the land? … You have not lied to man but to God” (Acts 5:4). So the Holy Spirit is equated with God. Later in the book, it’s even clearer, because the Holy Spirit uses two first person pronouns—thus there can be no doubt that He is a Person:

… the Holy Spirit said, “Set apart for me Barnabas and Saul for the work to which I have called them.” (Acts 13:2)

David attributes omnipresence to God’s Spirit when he says, “Where shall I go from your Spirit? Or where shall I flee from your presence? If I ascend to heaven, you are there! If I make my bed in Sheol, you are there!” (Psalm 139:7–8). Paul attributes omniscience to Him: “For the Spirit searches everything, even the depths of God” (1 Corinthians 2:10).

The Bible is clear that only God can give spiritual life (1 John 3:9), but Jesus said, “unless one is born of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God. That which is born of the flesh is flesh, and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit” (John 3:5–6). If only God can give spiritual life, and the Spirit gives spiritual life, then the Spirit must be God.

Furthermore, when we understand the Father and the Son to be fully God, that the Spirit is equally divine follows from the Trinitarian verses cited below. As Wayne Grudem explains:

Once we understand God the Father and God the Son to be fully God, then the Trinitarian expressions in verses like Matthew 28:19 (“baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit”) assume significance for the doctrine of the Holy Spirit, because they show that the Holy Spirit is classified on an equal level with the Father and the Son. This can be seen if we recognize how unthinkable it would have been for Jesus to say something like, “baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the archangel Michael”—this would give to a created being a status entirely inappropriate even to an archangel. 5

Some believe that since there isn’t a verse which straightforwardly says, “Worship the Spirit” that the Spirit is not a valid object of worship. But if God is worthy of worship, and the Spirit is God, then the Spirit is worthy of worship.

The Creator is a Trinity

At creation, the Father spoke the commands that caused things to come into existence. 6 Jesus was the agent of that Creation (the Logos who John talks about in John 1; also Hebrews 1:2). Speaking of Jesus (cf. Colossians 1:13), Colossians 1:16–17 says:

For by him all things were created, in heaven and on earth, visible and invisible, whether thrones or dominions or rulers or authorities—all things were created through him and for him. And he is before all things, and in him all things hold together.

Genesis also teaches that the Spirit of God was present and active in creation, hovering over the face of the waters (Genesis 1:2). Ecclesiastes 12:1 uses the plural “Creators” although this is often masked in translation 7 —it’s interpreted as a ‘plural of majesty’ by people who don’t see the Trinity in the Old Testament, but there are no other instances of ‘plurals of majesty’ other than places where the Trinity ‘has to be’ explained away.

The necessary doctrine of the Trinity

The various facets of the doctrine of the Trinity are taught clearly throughout Scripture, and the true believer will accept the doctrine of the Trinity. Throughout Church history, practically every other way of understanding the relationship between the Persons of the Godhead has been rejected as heresy. The doctrine is so interwoven with how salvation works that to reject the Trinity is tantamount to a rejection of the Gospel, 8 because the alternatives violate the nature of God and/or the status of Jesus as God. So historically, those who do not believe in the Trinity have been rejected as not Christian. This is especially important to remember today, as various Trinity-rejecting sects are asking to be recognized as Christians.

Finally, it is important to understand why CMI as a creation ministry makes such a strong stand on this issue—it is because ultimately our ministry is not just about ‘design’ or about ‘a creator’, or attacking evolution. It is all about and for Jesus Christ, His glorious Gospel and the expansion of His Kingdom. And this issue of who God is, and particularly who Christ is, is inescapably vital and foundational to the Good News of salvation. Jesus said in John 8:24: “I told you that you would die in your sins, for unless you believe that I am he you will die in your sins.” The ‘he’ is missing from the Greek, so literally Jesus is saying (emphasis added): “Unless you believe that I am you will die in your sins.” This is a clear reference to the deity of Jesus, for he is directly equating himself to God the Father (Ex 3:14). If we wilfully reject Jesus’ claim to deity, we in effect nullify His saving grace. It could hardly be more serious.

God is the single, omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent deity as described in monotheistic religions — the sole creator and ruler of the universe.

God has many names and titles, most notably Yahweh or Jehovah (Hebrew: יהוה , Yāhwēh ; Greek: Ἰαουέ , Iaouē ; Latin: Iahveh ) in Christianity, Lord (Hebrew: אֲדֹנָי , ʼAḏōnāy ) in Judaism, and Allah (Arabic: الله , Allāh ) in Islam. Most theists hold that God is perfect, omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent. Questions regarding the existence and nature of God falls under the branch of philosophy known as metaphysics.

Various views on the ontology of God:

Deism: God as separate from the physical universe, and not interacting with it;
Theism: God as separate from our physical universe, and interacting with it;
Immanentism: God as inseparable from the universe itself;
Corporealism: Jehovah as a corporeal being, head of the council of Benei Ha'Elohim;

Monotheism

The monotheistic religions hold in common one sacred doctrine, that God is one and there is only one God, by definition. During Biblical times, this view, held exclusively by the Hebrews, was in stark contrast to the polytheistic religions (many Gods) practiced by the Greek, Egyptian, Canaanite, Babylonian, and Persian cultures.

OT references

The covenant established between God and Israel is reliant upon the recognition by His people that God is the one and only God, and strong warnings were given in the Old Testament against making and worshiping idols - a practice which was common at the time even among the Israelites.

"Turn ye not unto idols, nor make to yourselves molten gods: I am the LORD your God." - Ten Commandments given to Moses. It should be noted that the "other gods" warned against here are not gods at all, but substitutes for God (idols), demons, or simply mythological.

"Thou shalt have no other gods before me." -

"Hear, O Israel: the LORD our God is one LORD." -

"Thus saith the LORD the King of Israel, and his redeemer the LORD of hosts; I am the first, and I am the last; and beside me there is no God." - NT references

The New Testament also echoes this central theme.

"Now as touching things offered unto idols, we know that we all have knowledge. Knowledge puffeth up, but charity edifieth. And if any man think that he knoweth any thing, he knoweth nothing yet as he ought to know. But if any man love God, the same is known of him. As concerning therefore the eating of those things that are offered in sacrifice unto idols, we know that an idol is nothing in the world, and that there is none other God but one." - Trinity

The Trinity of God is central to Christianity and it is used to describe the belief that God is a Father, a Son and a Holy Spirit. It is derived from the Latin word Trinitas , meaning, "threeness." Neither the word "Trinity" nor any equivalent occurs in the Bible, but the doctrine is logically derived from many statements spread throughout the Scripture.

The Bible teaches that God is indeed one God but that there are three distinct natures or manifestations to the world which are Jesus Christ being the Son of God the Father. The Holy Spirit is to be accepted into a person's life upon faith in Christ's life, death, and resurrection, and as such is considered to be God.

Image

As Adam is described in Genesis as being made in the image of God, an important subject in Biblical ontology is regarding the aspect of God that humans now possess. There are 2 basic definitions of the image of God.

Spiritual

Adam was created to reflect the spiritual nature of Elohim (Hebrew: אלהים , ʼElōhīm ). This belief, by far the most widespread among theists, holds that Adam was created in God's spiritual image, to reflect his reason and personality and ability to communicate. However, it is not believed that Adam was created in God's physical image, because it is believed that God has no physical existence or appearance.

Physical

Adam was created to reflect the physical appearance of Elohim. This view, much less common than the spiritual view, provides that Adam was created in the physical image of Elohim. It is based on corporealism, or the belief that God has a physical body. Arguments for this view include:

The same words used for image ( צלם , ẓelem ), and likeness ( דמות , demūth ), are used to describe the sons of the patriarchs.

However, a closer examination of the Hebrew text reveals that this is incorrect. While the Hebrew word Elohim is plural, it is usually followed by a singular verb when referring to YHWH as in Genesis 1:1 where the verb ברא , baraʻ is singular — literally meaning "He created", possibly insinuating the mystery of the Blessed Trinity, while Elohim when referring to pagan gods is generally followed by a plural verb. There are exceptions to this rule as Elohim, when referring to YHWH, is followed by a plural verb in Genesis 20:13 , Genesis 35:7 , 2_Samuel 7:23 , and Psalm 58:12 and it can be used to refer to a single non-Israelite god, as in Judges 11:24 , Judges 16:23-24 , 1_Samuel 5:7 , and 1_Samuel 18:24 .

Jehovah Elohim (translated in this instance as "Lord of the gods") is described as physically walking through the garden.

"And they heard the voice of the LORD God walking in the garden in the cool of the day: and Adam and his wife hid themselves from the presence of the LORD God amongst the trees of the garden." -

"And when Abram was ninety years old and nine, the LORD appeared to Abram, and said unto him, I am the Almighty God; walk before me, and be thou perfect." -

The ancient Hebrew name of God is the four-letter word YHWH (Hebrew: יהוה , Yāhwēh ), which Biblical scholars refer to as the Tetragrammaton (Greek: Τετραγράμματον , Tetragrammaton ; "four-letter word").

After the exile to Babylon, a tradition arose among the Jews that the name of God should not be spoken, to avoid breaking the commandment against taking YHWH's name in vain; in New Testament times it was only spoken once a year, by the high priest. Towards this end, the vowels were removed from the word (reducing it to the four consonants), thus preventing a reader from accidentally saying the word. Among the laity, it became customary to say "Adonai" ("the Lord") instead. When vowel points were added to the written text of the scripture, the vowel points of "Adonai" were sometimes written into the word "YHWH", in order to remind the reader to say "Adonai". After the destruction of Jerusalem and the dispersal of the Jews among the nations, the true pronunciation was lost.

At the time of the King James translation of the Bible, scholars translated the Tetragrammaton using the consonants according to the Hebrew-Latin-English route that was common at the time (e.g. the Hebrew " י " translated to the Latin " I ", which translated to the English "J"), resulting in the consonant combination "JHVH". To this they inserted the vowel points of "Adonai" with the consonants "YHWH" (it appears that the translators were unaware of the origins of that Jewish custom). The result was the English word Jehovah, still in use in many circles. Modern scholarship, working directly with better Hebrew manuscripts, now believe that Yahweh is probably closer to the original pronunciation.

The name YHWH declares God as the self-existent one, the one who has life in himself and from whom the existence of everything else is derived:

"And Moses said unto God, “Behold, when I come unto the children of Israel, and shall say unto them, ‘The God of your fathers hath sent me unto you’; and they shall say to me, ‘What is his name?’ what shall I say unto them?” And God said unto Moses, “I AM THAT I AM”: and he said, “Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, ‘I AM hath sent me unto you.’ And God said moreover unto Moses, “Thus shalt thou say unto the children of Israel, ‘the LORD God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, hath sent me unto you’: this is my name for ever, and this is my memorial unto all generations.”" - Hebrew, I AM THAT I AM is אהיה אשר אהיה , ʼẸhyẹh ʼAshẹr ʼẸhyẹh .

YHWH is the name that God uses in his covenant relationship with His people:

"And God spake unto Moses, and said unto him, I am the LORD: And I appeared unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob, by the name of God Almighty, but by my name JEHOVAH (Yahweh) was I not known to them." - Old Testament. In modern translations it is usually written "the LORD", using small capitals. Occasionally, the phrases "Yahweh Adonai" or "Yah Yahweh" are used and the translation may say "the Lord GOD". This usage conceals the widespread use of God's personal name and encourages the false idea that YHWH and Allah (or some other pagan god) are the same.

In the Septuagint, YHWH was translated by the Greek word Κύριος , Kyrios , meaning "Lord", and that is used throughout the New Testament. The word Κύριος was also used of the emperor, and the declaration "Jesus is Lord" was a direct contradiction of "Caesar is Lord". It should be stressed that both those phrases are claims of divinity. When a believer made that declaration, he was denouncing the emperor's claim to be a god and asserting that Jesus was God.

Existence

For countless generations many arguments that attempt to prove or disprove the existence of God have been put forth by theologians, philosophers, scientists, thinkers and intellectuals. Till this day, the existence of God is still in dispute.

There are a handful of common arguments that attempt to prove God's existence. The cosmological argument with its several versions is a very important argument within theism but philosophy of religion as well. The causal argument asserts that since everything that begins needs to have a cause, so must all of existence. Since no infinite regression is possible, there must be a first cause; this first cause was not caused and is called God. There is also the ontological argument states that if it is possible to imagine a being such as God, then the being must exist.

The design argument (often referred to as the teleological argument) has been around since the time of the ancient Greeks, but it was Thomas Aquinas who made this argument famous in his work Summa Theologica. The older version of the design argument states that living things show the signs of design and thus must have been designed by a designer, God.

The modern form of the design argument is called the Anthropic principle (or Fine-Tuning argument) and deals more with astronomy and physics than with biology due to the latest discoveries in the fields of Big Bang cosmology, quantum mechanics, and astrophysics. It postulates that since the universe, including all its laws and constants; the solar system, including the type of star and the arrangement of the planets; and the Earth, including its size and composition, allow for existence of life with such narrow margins for error that there must be a divine designer.

Metaphysical necessity

Looking at the universe, space, stars and galaxies, Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (1646 to 1716) began to philosophize about the origin of the cosmos and ultimately reasoned that there is a metaphysically necessary being behind the existence of the universe. A concept that articulates the nature of God, and the reason as to why there is anything instead of nothing. For any coherent concept of God, God must be timeless and therefore chronologically speaking there was no time in the past which God came into existence. Being eternal as well means God always existed. God did not ever begin to exist but rather is the very reason for existence. Due to this, by definition a metaphysically necessary being must exist. The non-existence would be logically impossible.

The Beginning of the Beginning (Art by James Tissot)

Aliases

Event details

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Beginning

Creation is the beginning before the beginning itself. It is the moment that everything and everyone, from the largest of bodies to the tiniest of molecules, came into existence.

Overview

The tale of the Creation varies considerably but it is shown that there is a repeating pattern of motifs in many creation myths within other mythological tales. These repeating patterns imply that the gods of pagan belief and their ancestors aided the Abrahamic God in the creation of all things which would also imply that the universe itself is far more infinite than people seem to think.

Description

Mythologists have applied various schemes to classify creation myths found throughout human cultures. The classification identifies five basic types:

Creation ex nihilo in which the creation is through the thought, word, dream or bodily secretions of a divine being.
Earth diver creation in which a diver, usually a bird or amphibian sent by a creator, plunges to the seabed through a primordial ocean to bring up sand or mud which develops into a terrestrial world.
Emergence myths in which progenitors pass through a series of worlds and metamorphoses until reaching the present world.
Creation by the dismemberment of a primordial being.
Creation by the splitting or ordering of a primordial unity such as the cracking of a cosmic egg or a bringing order from chaos.

Some mythologists further developed and refined this typology to highlight nine themes, adding elements such as deus faber, a creation crafted by a deity, creation from the work of two creators working together or against each other, creation from sacrifice and creation from division/conjugation, accretion/conjunction, or secretion.

An alternative system based on six recurring narrative themes was designed by Raymond Van Over:

Primeval abyss, an infinite expanse of waters or space.
Originator deity which is awakened or an eternal entity within the abyss.
Originator deity poised above the abyss.
Cosmic egg or embryo.
Originator deity creating life through sound or word.
Life generating from the corpse or dismembered parts of an originator deity.

Ex Nihilo

The myth that God created the world out of nothing – ex nihilo – is central today to Judaism, Christianity and Islam, and the medieval Jewish philosopher Maimonides felt it was the only concept that the three religions shared. Nonetheless, the concept is not found in the entire Hebrew Bible. The authors of Genesis were concerned not with the origins of matter (the material which God formed into the habitable cosmos), but with assigning roles so that the Cosmos should function. In the early 2nd century CE, early Christian scholars were beginning to see a tension between the idea of world-formation and the omnipotence of God, and by the beginning of the 3rd century creation ex nihilo had become a fundamental tenet of Christian theology.

Ex nihilo creation is found in creation stories from ancient Egypt, the Rig Veda, and many animistic cultures in Africa, Asia, Oceania and North America. In most of these stories the world is brought into being by the speech, dream, breath, or pure thought of a creator but creation ex nihilo may also take place through a creator's bodily secretions.

The literal translation of the phrase ex nihilo is "from nothing" but in many creation myths the line is blurred whether the creative act would be better classified as a creation ex nihilo or creation from chaos. In ex nihilo creation myths the potential and the substance of creation springs from within the creator. Such a creator may or may not be existing in physical surroundings such as darkness or water, but does not create the world from them, whereas in creation from chaos the substance used for creation is pre-existing within the unformed void.

In modern science today, the Big Bang theory seems to point to an ex nihilo creation, as explained by the physicist and theorist Stephen Hawking who uses as an example that "there is nothing south of the south pole" to simplify that "there is nothing before the Big Bang". Indicating that the universe came out of nothing.

Creation from the Primordial Chaos

In creation from chaos myth, initially there is nothing but a formless, shapeless expanse. In these stories the word "chaos" means "disorder", and this formless expanse, which is also sometimes called a void or an abyss, contains the material with which the created world will be made. The Primordial Chaos may be described as having the consistency of vapor or water, dimensionless, and sometimes salty or muddy. These myths associate chaos with evil and oblivion, in contrast to "order" (cosmos) which is the good. The act of creation is the bringing of order from disorder, and in many of these cultures it is believed that at some point the forces preserving order and form will weaken and the world will once again be engulfed into the abyss.

World Parent

There are two types of world parent myths, both describing a separation or splitting of a primeval entity, the world parent or parents. One form describes the primeval state as an eternal union of two parents, and the creation takes place when the two are pulled apart. The two parents are commonly identified as Sky (usually male) and Earth (usually female) who in the primeval state were so tightly bound to each other that no offspring could emerge. These myths often depict creation as the result of a sexual union, and serve as genealogical record of the deities born from it.

In the second form of world parent myth, creation itself springs from dismembered parts of the body of the primeval being. Often in these stories the limbs, hair, blood, bones or organs of the primeval being are somehow severed or sacrificed to transform into sky, earth, animal or plant life, and other worldly features. These myths tend to emphasize creative forces as animistic in nature rather than sexual, and depict the sacred as the elemental and integral component of the natural world.

Emergence and Earth-Diver

In emergence myths humanity emerges from another world into the one they currently inhabit. The previous world is often considered the womb of the earth mother, and the process of emergence is likened to the act of giving birth. The role of midwife is usually played by a female deity, like the spider woman of several mythologies of Indigenous peoples in the Americas. Male characters rarely figure into these stories, and scholars often consider them in counterpoint to male-oriented creation myths, like those of the ex nihilo variety.

While the earth-diver is a common character in various traditional creation myths. In these stories a supreme being usually sends an animal into the primal waters to find bits of sand or mud with which to build habitable land. Some scholars interpret these myths psychologically while others interpret them cosmogonically. In both cases emphasis is placed on beginnings emanating from the depths.

History

Light vs Darkness

In the beginning, there was nothing but darkness. An endless, shapeless, and formless void of nothingness. But, all of sudden, there was an ultra hot substance unlike any other named Ayin, sho who isn't. Later, a watery substance cooled Ayin down, revealing the darkness that was always there. Eventually, the universe grew tired of being nothing, and so the universe said the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. With God becoming, another being, who was his equal and opposite, formed and rose out of the waters of Tehom. This being was Barbelo, who was Gods opposite in appearance but equal in personality. A shadow suddenly formed behind Barbelo, from that shadow came Therion. When these beings formed, so was life, and when life was formed, death formed shortly afterwards. When the first second clicked, time also formed. When a hint of conflict and madness formed, so did the blind idiocy of Azathoth. And finally to maintain order, the universe required endlessness and oblivion, and so from a cosmic egg came the Ouroboros and the Vitriol.

Eventually, God maintained his purpose decided to create something by doing that he must separate the void and abyss from the latter. He first did this by declaring "Let There be Light" and when His light shone, it cast a shadow upon the waters of chaos that hid Azathoth. Azathoth was immediately bombarded by the light and its intensity brought him pain and anger and warred with the Almighty.

While the duration of the battle between these cosmic forces is unknown due to the fact that the concept of time was nonexistent, it is written that it took six days for God to finally defeat the others. On the second day, God created the Arcuthas in order to combat the others. On the third day, Khaos created the Primordials and Azathoth created the Outer Gods both in order to combat God, while on the fourth day God, Khaos and Azathoth, through their collision, created the essence of many elemental and eldritch beings. The fifth day resulted in the elementals being fashioned by Barbelo to combat these lesser eldritch beings while the Primordials combated the Outer Gods.

At last on the sixth they were finally able to defeat both Azathoth and its creations with Khaos revealing himself to be a bit more sympathetic and joined God's side, defeating Ayin, the Darkness, and Therion, due to the three not having armies. However, God was unable to destroy Azathoth fully nor was he able to do the same to most of the Outer Gods, only successful in destroying some of them, and had no choice but to instead imprison what remained of Azathoth in a chrysalis state and chained him using what can only be described as metaphysical existential chains that held all of everything together. Moreover, Azathoth fell into a deep and endless slumber due to the surrounding of creation being too much for it with God then exiling the Outer into the Outerverse. God's creations during the war, was left the Arcuthas, had to be locked away due to Therion corrupting them.

Creation of All

On the seventh day, God laid to rest alongside his creations as the collision between the darkness and His own was starting to form the universe. As he rested, he commissioned the primordial gods to rearrange the scattered universe and properly place it in the way humans have come to know it as it is. The first second of the first day gave the formation of Father Time and together with Mother Night formed the Endless, with the first among them being Destiny who was born when the first ever thing was fated to do anything. While the universe was being properly formed, thirteen artifacts were created in the process. These artifacts became the living manifestations of the aspects of creation itself.

He then created Heaven with the angels then helping Him cement the fundamental cogs that make up all that there is when the Primordials were done. After He created Heaven and Earth, God noticed several artifacts that took form during His war against Azathoth. He scattered these artifacts upon the new born Earth as a way for it to be nurtured. By creating a firmament between Heaven and Earth which is supposedly a dome of some sort that separated the two from one another, it cannot be accessed by the inhabitants of Earth unless God allows it. The firmament is then populated by luminaries which become the stars and the light to signify morning and night. The Primordials were also allowed to Earth, where they would reproduce and spawn the countless polytheistic pantheons of deities.

Before He created man, God made the first beasts which each ruled over a part of the Earth. The first among them was the Leviathan, a primordial creature that swam within the oceans of chaos and was tamed by God to then roam within the depths of the Earth's waters, lording over the creatures of the sea. The second was the Behemoth, who lorded over the earth and its creatures and the third was the Ziz, who lorded over the skies and its creatures. These beasts were created as representations of the Earth's majesty and to express the dominant power of nature over man and are the only three beasts that Adam and Eve have no lordship over.

Creation of Man

After which, the angels were then created and acted as both his emissaries and soldiers, the first of which was named Empra. Their ranks were made and each given a specific task that was overseen by his archangels and himself. Lucifer was the most perfect of all his creations and thus appointed him into lightening the stars by condensing clouds of hydrogen into star-masses and set them alight, earning him the title of "Morning Star", and also being the brightest angel in existence. Lucifer was so loved by God, even more so than Michael himself. Because of this he was prideful of himself. When God created the animals of the Earth, he created the last of his creations which was man.

He placed his two beloved creations known as Adam and Lilith in the Garden of Eden alongside his most prized creations. However, upon seeing that Lilith would not submit to Adam, He had his angels escort her out of Eden before forming the woman known as Eve from Adam's rib as a replacement for Lilith. Samael was then tasked with watching over the humans, however, ruled over by his pride and his role as an arbiter, Samael saw that these humans were flawed and was angered that he would be tasked that he would have to guide and protect such creatures. Lucifer in the meantime, due to being His favorite, was exposed to God's plans and would only see that everything, including His children, would be under His rule and thus having no free will of their own. In his paranoia and pride, Lucifer became against this and rebelled against His creator.

Lucifer gathered a one third of the angelic host and waged war against God. However, there was resistance as God tasked His greatest soldier, Michael, into leading His armies and defeating his brother. After a titanic struggle, Lucifer was defeated and was cast out unto the Earth alongside their legion of rebellious angels by Michael. The collision of the fallen angels to Earth were like an endless stream of powerful fiery lightning, which soon ended as they fell into a deep abyss of its own known as Hell that became a realm of endless punishment for the sinful.

God then continued to oversee Adam and Eve's development in the Garden of Eden, He told them that they could do anything they wanted but were prohibited to eat from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil. Adam would name all the animals and creatures in Eden whilst Eve would name all the plants. Seeing this, Lucifer had asked the fallen angel Samael to possess a serpent before entering the Garden, then enticed Eve into eating the Forbidden Fruit from the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil, in order for Lucifer to show how flawed they are and for Lucifer to cut God's hold over free will of mankind. He succeeded as Eve and then Adam was tempted into eating the fruit, from which God specifically stated not to. In the process, God had Uriel cast Adam and Eve to Earth and were cursed with the mark of sin; Eve would have labor pains while giving birth and menstrual cycles.

Cain and Abel

Later on, Adam and Eve procreated and bore two sons known as Cain and Abel. Abel became a herder of sheep while Cain was a tiller of the soil. And it happened in the course of time that Cain brought from the fruit of the soil an offering to the Almighty. And Abel too had brought from the choice firstlings of his flock, and God regarded Abel and his offering but did not regard Cain and his offering. And Cain was very incensed, and his face fell.

Jealous of God's favoritism towards Abel, Cain led his brother, while being under the influence of the Mark of Cain, out into the wilderness to kill him. Upon returning, God asked Cain, "Where is Abel your brother? And he said, "I do not know: am I my brother's keeper?" Upon realizing what he had done, God cursed Cain and his descendants, saying, "Your brother's blood cries out to me from the soil. And so, cursed shall you be by the soil that gaped with its mouth to take your brother's blood from your hand. If you till the soil, it will no longer give you strength. A restless wanderer shall you be on the earth." The curse that Cain was given prevented him from dying and being slain, which would eventually drive him mad. Cain's killing of Abel tainted the Earth along with the descendants of Cain with even further sin.

Great Flood

With the passing of time, the world is further plunged into sin and thus allows God to instruct a group of angels whom would be known as the Watchers, to watch over the humans and their operations. However, the angels soon began to lust after the human women and taking possession of the males, they mated with them and produced the mighty and terrible Nephilim. Before he could wipe out the corrupt humans, God instructs Noah to create an Ark that will house all the animals of Earth. After its completion, God sends a mighty flood that completely destroys all corrupt life as well as the Nephilim. Eventually, the Grigori are punished for this heinous act. Filled with guilt and sadness upon having to destroy his creations, God promised not to destroy the world a second time.

Fall of Babel

After the Great Flood, a united humanity began to speak the same language. As people migrated from the east, they settled in the land of Shinar. People there sought to make bricks and build a city and a tower with its top in the sky, to make a name for themselves, so that they not be scattered over the world. God came down to look at the city and tower, and remarked that as one people with one language, nothing that they sought would be out of their reach. God went down and confounded their speech, so that they could not understand each other, and scattered them over the face of the earth, and they stopped building the city. Thus the city was called Tower of Babel becoming a historical and Biblical landmark for centuries to come, as well as being a symbol that there can be no higher authority than God.

Myths and Legends

Quotes

Gallery

The creation of the humans along with the celestial bodies and the rest of the universe (Art by Noah MacMillan)

The Beginning of the Beginning (Art by James Tissot)

Aliases

Event details

Locations

Beginning

Creation is the beginning before the beginning itself. It is the moment that everything and everyone, from the largest of bodies to the tiniest of molecules, came into existence.

Overview

Description

Mythologists have applied various schemes to classify creation myths found throughout human cultures. The classification identifies five basic types:

Creation ex nihilo in which the creation is through the thought, word, dream or bodily secretions of a divine being.
Earth diver creation in which a diver, usually a bird or amphibian sent by a creator, plunges to the seabed through a primordial ocean to bring up sand or mud which develops into a terrestrial world.
Emergence myths in which progenitors pass through a series of worlds and metamorphoses until reaching the present world.
Creation by the dismemberment of a primordial being.
Creation by the splitting or ordering of a primordial unity such as the cracking of a cosmic egg or a bringing order from chaos.

An alternative system based on six recurring narrative themes was designed by Raymond Van Over:

Primeval abyss, an infinite expanse of waters or space.
Originator deity which is awakened or an eternal entity within the abyss.
Originator deity poised above the abyss.
Cosmic egg or embryo.
Originator deity creating life through sound or word.
Life generating from the corpse or dismembered parts of an originator deity.

Ex Nihilo

Creation from the Primordial Chaos

World Parent

Emergence and Earth-Diver

History

Light vs Darkness

Creation of All

Creation of Man

Cain and Abel

Great Flood

Fall of Babel

Myths and Legends

Quotes

Gallery

The creation of the humans along with the celestial bodies and the rest of the universe (Art by Noah MacMillan)

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Monotheism

OT references

Image

Spiritual

Physical

Existence

Metaphysical necessity

Aliases

Event details

Locations

Beginning

Contents

Overview

Description

Ex Nihilo

Creation from the Primordial Chaos

World Parent

Emergence and Earth-Diver

History

Light vs Darkness

Creation of All

Creation of Man

Cain and Abel

Great Flood

Fall of Babel

Myths and Legends

Quotes

Gallery

Aliases

Event details

Locations

Beginning

Contents

Overview

Description

Ex Nihilo

Creation from the Primordial Chaos

World Parent

Emergence and Earth-Diver

History

Light vs Darkness

Creation of All

Creation of Man

Cain and Abel

Great Flood

Fall of Babel

Myths and Legends

Quotes

Gallery